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Pistia stratiotes (Jalkumbhi)Abstract. Pistia stratiotes (Family: Araceae) is commonly used in Ayurvedic medicine. This review article is a compilation of all the updated information on its phytochemical and pharmacological activities, which were performed by different methods.
Studies indicate that P. These results are very encouraging and indicate that this plant should be studied more extensively to confirm the reproducibility of these results and also to reveal other potential therapeutic effects, along with some “leads” with possible isolation of active biomoieties and their mechanism of action.
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Keywords: Pharmacological activities, phytochemistry, pistia stratiotes. INTRODUCTIONPistia stratiotes , also known as Jalkumbhi, is an aquatic plant, stoloniferous, floating on lakes, streams, and stagnant water ponds and in lime- rich water, throughout India.
It is distributed in the tropical and subtropical region of Asia, Africa, and America. Four varieties are distinguished. The Indian variety is known as var.
It is propagated by seeds or more rapidly by stolons. It forms a dense mat on the water surface and causes serious clogging on water ways. It is also responsible for harboring mosquito larvae, which carry the filarial parasites. It flowers in hot season and fruits appear after the rain. Leaves are green in color, odorless, and bitter in taste. The leaves are approximately 1. A large number of medicinal properties are attributed to the plant, particularly the leaves.
The plant is considered antiseptic, antitubercular, and antidysentric. In Gambia, the plant is used as an anodyne for eyewash. Juice of plant is used by Mundas in ear complaints. The ash of plant is applied to the ringworm of the scalp. Leaves are used in eczema, leprosy, ulcers, piles, and syphilis. Juice of leaves boiled in coconut oil is applied externally in chronic skin diseases.
It is useful in “Tridosha,” fever, and diseases of blood. The root is laxative, emollient, and diuretic. Leaves infusions have been mentioned in the folklore to be used for dropsy, bladder complaints, kidney afflictions, hematuria, dysentery, and anemia. Synomyms. Hindi, Jalkumbhi; English, Shellflower; water cabbage; Bengali, Takapana; Gujrati, Jalashamkhala; Tamil, Akasatamari; and Oriya, Borajhanji.
PHYTOCHEMISTRYThe biologically active chemical constituents of P. An analysis of leaves and stems revealed the following: moisture 9.
Leaves are rich in vitamin A and C, and also contain vitamin B. The ash is rich in potassium chloride and sulfate. Stigmasta- 4,2. 2- dien- 3- one, stigmasterol, stigmasteryl stearate, and palmitic acids are reported in P.
Plant gave 2- di- C- glcosylflavones of vicenin and lucenin type, anthocyanin- cynidin- 3- glucoside, luteolin- 7- glycoside and mono- C- glcosyl flavones – vitexin and orientin . A summary of the findings of these studies is presented below. Antidermatophytic activity. Methanolic extract of the plant P. It was also seen that the Trichophyton and Epidermophyton spp.
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The results demonstrate that Ca- oxalate crystals idioblasts are enriched, relative to mesophyll cells in dihydropyridine type calcium channels and that activity of these channels is important to transport and accumulation of calcium is required for crystal formation. It was seen that plant extract caused a decrease in blood pressure in anesthetized rat. Further doses of plant extract produce slight decreases in BP in anesthetized rats. The systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures before the extract were all significantly higher (P< 0.
It was seen that the methanolic extract of P. It was seen that extract of P. Specific radioactivities of L- ascorbic acid (As.
A), free oxalic acid(Ox. A) and calcium oxalate (Ca.
Ox) in labeled plants were compared. Samples of leaf tissue were fixed for microautoradiography and examined by confocal microscopy. Results demonstrate a biosynthetic role for As. A as precursor of Ox. A and its crystalline deposition product, Ca. Ox, in idioblast cells of P.
The availability of agents that had proved successful in other countries prompted the importation of a weevil, Neohydronomous affinis (Hustache), from Brazil via Australia into South Africa for biological control of the weed. The introduction has been successful particularly on motionless water bodies where rapid and extreme reductions in weed density have been achieved. The weevils have been less successful on fast- flowing rivers where plants with weevil larvae are continually washed downstream, thus diluting the populations of N. The recently initiated biological control program against P. Their value lies in the fact that they are naturally adapted to growth on liquid media, which can be precisely manipulated. Critical biochemical studies require axenic plants free of contaminating organisms, which contribute unwanted chemical products or bind/metabolize added compounds.
Axenic plants of Lemna, Spirodela, and Wolffiella spp. Access to axenic cultures of the free- floating aquatic plant, P. To this end, we have developed axenic Pistia cultures and compared nonaxenic plants grown in greenhouse conditions to the axenic plants in terms of organic acid content and morphology/anatomy. Axenic Pistia were comparable to greenhouse- grown plants, the only difference being the smaller size of axenic plants.
This study demonstrates the suitability of axenic Pistia for biochemical research and also indicates that such plants will be very useful in studies of bioremediation and other processes in aquatic systems. The carrying capacity for each species was investigated in monoculture. The plants were cultured in outdoor tanks in Gainesville, Florida, where nutrient- enriched water was replenished at weekly intervals. E. Interaction between the two species for growth space became apparent within the first month of the experimental period. The luxuriant growth and high plasticity of E. Higher concentrations of nitrogen (N) (by about twofold) were accumulated in the shoots of E.
Phosphorus accumulation was equally distributed between the roots and shoots of both species. Biomasses and leaf areas were sharply depressed by winter cold, especially by subfreezing temperatures. Spring regrowth occurred by budding and the proliferation of small plants. From late- spring through mid- summer, leaf size and plant biomass increased and plant density decreased; these variables did not change markedly between August and December. In both populations, flowering occurred synchronously during December, but no sexual reproduction was observed.
Winter cold is a major determinant of growth patterns in south Florida, but local conditions are also important. Measurements from the day of unfurling until subsidence into the water showed that leaves reached an average length of 1. Only 2 years after its first occurrence in 2. P. Enhanced biomass production of this invasive species took place in spring and summer and new stolons were formed at the end of the vegetation season. Over the winter, older rosettes decayed and only small rosettes survived besides new rosettes formed from stolons. Plants developed flowers in April through August.
Observations in December revealed viable seed production and seed presence in the sediment survival trait. Host- specificity tests were conducted on 7. First instars fed slightly on five plant species and moderately on one. Third instars fed slightly on seven, moderately on five, and heavily on three plant species. In all tests, no larvae lived longer than 6 days or developed to the next stage except those on impatiens (Impatiens balsamina L.).
In whole- plant tests of impatiens, larvae fed for several weeks, but were unable to complete development. In multichoice oviposition tests, moths laid over 7. Solanum melongena L.), and one mass each on four other plant species. No eggs were laid on impatiens. The inability of larvae to develop to the next stage except on whole plants of impatiens, on which they did not advance to the pupal stage, and the nonchoice of impatiens for oviposition indicate the safety of S.
Species from genera with mostly polyphagous members should not be rejected from consideration as biological control agents of weeds without testing. Areas other than the apparent center of origin should also be explored to discover newer insect- plant associations. Information on the biology of S. Experiments were carried out as batch runs in laboratory- scale digesters with the addition of inoculum (digested cattle manure).
Gas yields were in the range of 5. VS (STP) and 2. 1–2. P. The average methane content was 5. Due to its high biodegradability (approximately 8. VS), P. Except for arabinose, sugar contents in water lettuce resembled those in water hyacinth leaves.
Water lettuce had slightly higher starch contents and lower contents of cellulose and hemicellulose. A traditional strain, Saccharomyces cerevisiae NBRC 2. Moreover, a recombinant strain, Escherichia coli KO1. SSF), which was more effective than the separated hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) mode.
The ethanol yield per unit biomass was comparable to those reported for other agricultural biomasses: 0. Unfortunately, they also represent a favorable breeding ground for mosquitoes, a serious drawback that should be addressed despite the good promise of this technology.
A 1- year study of mosquito production in seven ponds of a P. Mansonia and Culex were the main breeding genera with about 5.
Culex bred mostly in the first three ponds (B1–3), characterized by a high organic pollution. Mansonia occurred in great number in the later ponds (B4–7), where the water quality was rather better and the roots of P. Although representing a favorable breeding ground for mosquitoes, only 0. Anopheles gambiae, suggesting that this wastewater treatment plant does not significantly contribute to the development of the malaria vector in this area. Metal removal from the solution involves two stages: a fast one and a slow one.